Put simply, hysteresis means that the voltage needed to turn the circuit on is higher than the voltage below which it will turn off. This creates a "dead band" where it will not change until the input swings further. Just like a thermostat controlling a furnace will not turn off until the temperature rises another degree past the set point.

This improves noise immunity because the magnitude of the noise is very small and cannot push it far enough to turn the output on and off.

Hysteresis is used in ordinary physics too. It comes from the Greek meaning "shortcoming" or "to fall short" (of what's needed to make a change)

Memory Trick: When a person is HYSTERICAL they are usually UNSTABLE,

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A comparator does a "greater-than/less-than" test on two voltages, one of which is often a fixed-voltage reference. When the input signal crosses over the threshold (the fixed reference voltage) the output goes high; when it crosses below the threshold the output goes low.

Thus the the comparator changes its output state.

The responses about damage and latch-up are both faults related to exceeding the supply voltage, not the threshold, and since they are so similar they can't both be right. The response about feedback is incorrect because comparators don't use negative feedback and thus can't oscillate.

Hint: When traveling, you change state when you cross the threshold (or border) into another state.

Memory Aid: “Comparator” appears in both the question and the correct answer choice.

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In digital electronics three-state, tri-state, or 3-state logic allows an output port to assume a high impedance state in addition to the 0 and 1 logic levels, effectively removing the output from the circuit.

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-state_logic

I like to think of it as 0, 1 and Null (High Impedance)

In this case "high impedance" pretty much just means "disconnected". A common case where this is used is where you have several digital devices connected to a shared data bus. When devices aren't transmitting data to the bus, the outputs should not be 1 or 0, they should be effectively disconnected from the bus so they don't corrupt data from another device. Since they can't easily be physically disconnected, they're "disconnected" by a transistor(s) that provide high impedance to any current flow. In Verilog, high impedance is denoted with Z so you get 1, 0, and Z where Z pretty much means "logically disconnected".

Hint: Only one answer lists the 3 states.

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Just remember BiCMOS combines the qualities of Bipolar transistors and CMOS!

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CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a digital logic family known for its very low power consumption compared to other logic families. This is because CMOS circuits only draw significant power during switching (when the transistors are changing states from on to off or vice versa) and have negligible power consumption when in a steady state (either on or off).

In contrast, other logic families like Schottky TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic), and NMOS (N-type Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) consume more power because they draw constant current even when not switching. This makes CMOS the preferred choice for battery-operated and energy-efficient devices.

Fully understanding these types would require a lot of reading, so this is one you'll mostly just need to remember -- but for many familiar with computers the term "CMOS" may be familiar because it's used to store BIOS settings on most computer motherboards.

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CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) is arguably the most common type of digital IC. An advantage of CMOS logic devices over TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) devices is that they have lower power consumption. (E6C05) CMOS digital integrated circuits also have high immunity to noise on the input signal or power supply because the input switching threshold is about one-half the power supply voltage. (E6C06)

http://www.kb6nu.com/extra-class-question-of-the-day-digital-integrated-circuits/

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Digital inputs "float" unless they are driven by something. If not addressed, the sensitive input circuitry might be in an indeterminate state or even oscillate. To keep this from happening, a weak resistor "pulls up" or "pulls down" the input to one of the supply rails when nothing is connected, giving it a definitive logic high or low state. Once a driver is connected to the circuit its stronger output takes over.

Also, on an overloaded output stage the levels may not rise or fall to the proper voltage required, so pull-up or pull-down resistors assist the output stage.

HINT: The terms 'pull-up' and 'pull-down' could be thought to imply 'negative' and 'positive.' The correct answer is the only one that includes those terms.

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Karnaugh maps are used to simplify real-world logic requirements, not for FPGAs configurations.

Hardware description language is a language used to describe hardware, FPGA is a kind of hardware, so that's correct answer. See more here: Hardware description language

While an auto-router is used to route the connections within the FPGA when creating the configuration from the HDL, it is not used to "design" the configuration.

Machine and assembly language are used to conduct low-level computer programming, also not related to FPGA.

Memory hints:

• There’a an acronym (FPGA) in the question, and the correct answer is the only choice that also contains an acronym (HDL).

• Gate is a kind of hardware, to configure hardware, you need a hardware language. There's only one choice mentioning hardware and language, and that's the correct answer.

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