What device can protect a transmitting station from a direct lightning hit?

There is no device to protect a station from a direct hit from lightning.

Although nothing can stop it, surge protectors can save electrical systems. Ships cannot have grounding for obvious reason, and being made of metal, electrically they act as conductors.

For more info, please see Marine Insights site on How Ships are Protected from Lightning – Ships Earthing System

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What is the purpose of not putting sharp corners on the ground leads within a building?

Lightning will jump off of the ground lead because it is not able to make sharp bends.

This is an example of the correct answer which well explains the question. Read it again.

See the United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 1751F-810, Electrical Protection of Digital and Lightwave Telecommunication Equipment.

Please use Ctrl-F to search the document for "sharp" word. It is not possible to paste copy any text from this pdf.

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Should you use a power drill without eye protection?

No.

You never know what can jump and where. No point of risking your most precious physical ability.

OSHA requires the use of eye protection with all power tools.

For more info, please see United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1926 Subpart E - Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment, Standard 1926.102 - Eye and face protection.

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What class of fire is one that is caused by an electrical short circuit and what is the preferred substance used to extinguish that type of fire?

FE30

The key consideration here is to use an extinguisher that does not itself conduct electrical current.

For info on class of fires, please see Wikipedia's article on Fire Class

Regarding types of extinguishers, please see pdf from Prospertx site, article on Know Your Fire Extinguisher

For illustration of FE30 fire extinguisher, please see OMB Warehouse site for FE-30 Fire Extinguisher

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YouTube: See video from West Marine on Buyer's Guide to Marine Fire Extinguishers

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Do shorted-stub lightning protectors work at all frequencies?

No, only at the tuned frequency band.

When you place a shorted-stub between the antenna and the radio transmitter, it will send the surge to the ground, protecting the transmitter from a sudden surge like lightning. The stud won't interfere with the workings of the transmitter.

For more info, please see Radio World site article on Workbench: The Beauty of a Shorted Quarter-Wave Stub

For comprehensive discussion of this topic, please see the Interference Technology site for article on Optimized Lightning Protection for Higher Frequencies

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What is a GFI electrical socket used for?

To prevent electrical shock by sensing ground path current and shutting the circuit down

The Ground Fault (Circuit) Interrupter, or GFI works kind of like circuit breaker. Except that the circuit breaker protects the wiring in the electrical system, while GFI protects the person from an electric shock.

When current is interrupted (big fluctuation), it stops the electrical connection. Moisture and high humidity, as easily found on vessels, can cause GFI to trigger an interruption, to prevent an electrical shock, and bodily injury.

For more info, please see How Stuff Works site for article on How Does a GFCI Outlet Work?

For vessel use, please see West Marine article on
ELCI / GFCI Electrical Shock Protection

Also, solid and life-saving info is on site Pro Tools Reviews in article on WHAT IS A GFCI OUTLET AND WHERE DO THEY GO?

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